History of Diving |
The men and the women from an antiquity practiced to plunge time-lagged respirations. In ancient Greece the divers dived for sponges, and also participated in military operations.
The most known historical fact has reached us due to the historian Herodotus. During marine campaign one Greek man, named Scyllis was captured and was taken aboard by Persian king Xerxes I-st.
When Scyllis has understood, that the Persian king is agglomerated to attack the Greek flotilia, he has seized a knife and jumped off over the side of the ship. Persian peoples could not find him behind a side and decided he had drowned. Scyllis emerged at the night and floated between the flotilla of Pesian ships, cutting the anchors and ropes of all these ships.
To be unnoticed underwater, he utilized an empty stem. Then he has swum 13 kilometers and reunited with the Greek forces.
The desire to dive under water has always existed. It needed for: hunting underwater for getting food, repairing of the ships or destroying the enemy's ships, to sink it, and, probably, for probing marine life. Before the people have found an expedient to breathe underwater, each diving was short and composite.
The question remained how to stay under water for a longer period of time.
The respiration through a stem allows the man to plunge, but, apparently, if the stem is more then 0,5 meters, the difficulty to breathe trough it would be very great.
The respiration from a bag charged with air and located under water, also was utilized, but was not effective, and did not work at all in a series of cases, due to an inhalation of carbon dioxide. In XVI-th century the people began to utilize bells by filled air. It was the first effective expedient to stay underwater for a longer period of time. Then, later, skin suits were made in England and France and were designed in such a way, that air could move through it, and so the possibility to dive up to 18 meters existed
The most effective form of diving, which allowed people to conduct intensive work under water was in 1830, when air from the surface was made available in the metal top section of the suits.
In a XIX-th century two fundamental directions in probing appeared: one was scientific, another was technological. There were two forces conducting the scientific probing, Field Bertha and John Scott Haldanne, one form France and the other from Scotland
Their works have helped to explain action of pressure on an organism, and also to spot safe limits of time for sinkages on compressed air. Twice, the improvements in a technological direction had the results. For example, occurrence of pumps for compression of air and its feeding, absorbents ΡΞ2, the adjusters etc., have made possible for the people to remain underwater more long-lived time.
Revolution in a history of a Diving has taken place in 1943. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan have devised the first working vehicle with an open-air circuit of respiration (process by which organism utilizes oxygen from its environment)
There are four fundamental types or method of Diving in a History of human desire to probe marine depths, where diving with aqualung is the last one.
a) Diving with the time lagged breathing (free diving and skin diving)
These earliest forms of diving are being practiced both for sports, and commercial objectives (divers in Japan and Korea, divers for pearls archipelagoes Tawmotto). An enlarged water pressure pinches the Aerial vacuities of the diver during all diving. Every dive is limited by the several factors of which two will be mentioned, such as: a delay time of respiration and lack of oxygen. Usually for a minute or less.
b) Diving in what or scoop.
The scoops support and keep atmospheric pressure, to prevent acton of water pressure on crewmembers. There are various types of such mentioned scoops: an empty metallic ball lowered from the ship by the help of metallic cable; or the ball with the supervision of a buoyancy ( in this case a cable is not necessary for descending & rising); a submarine, which is capable to move on major distances in any direction with the help of the forces. All these scoops require systems of providing by fresh air and removal of a carbon dioxide. The modern form of a submarine or underwater vehicle is a hard suit possessing slenderness, capable to maintain pressure on depth: in actual fact, the diver becomes a submarine on caisson (water light chamber).. In this suit diver can work on depth up to hundreds meters.
c) Diving with compressed air given from a surface.
Air moves to diver through a hose, air acts in regulator. In more advanced systems the air acts directly in a suit. These are major spaces, stacked by compressed air and are used often for working with bridges and inside tunnels.
. In all these devices the diver breathes by air to a under pressure equal ambient water pressure, that’s why the risk of decompressing exists. The special mixtures will be utilized for deep-water diving such as helium-oxygen and helium-nitrogen mixtures.
d) Diving with compressed air or other gas mixture which is taking place in balloons, using by the diver (SCUBA-Diving). In essence there are two types of aqualung: with the opened and closed cycle of respiration (the systems with an open circuit of respirations ejecting all air on external medium, are popular in the diving for entertainment).
Systems with the closed cycle of respiration, in which inhaled air acts back in a respiratory contour, and after absorption of a carbon dioxide and adding of oxygen, again will be utilized for breathing. These systems were widely utilized before occurrence of systems with an open circuit of respiration, and were utilized in the fundamental militarian divers, which tried to avoid occurrence of bubbles on a surface of water.
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